FROM SCRATCH SERIES || CHAPTER 2: विद्युत्वृत्त(The electric Chronicles) || Part 2: The fusion of two sciences and the birth of electrodynamics

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 Part 2: The fusion of two sciences and the birth of electrodynamics

Up until now, Electricity was an isolated study, having nothing to do with magnetism at all, with even the spectacular Mr. Gilbert considering the two forces of nature separate. But this Danish scientist stumbled upon something that was about to change the face of this field of scholarship. The man we're talking about is: 

Hans Christian Øersted(1777 - 1851)

What happened was, Mr. Øersted was teaching a course on Natural Philosophy and was giving, thus, a demonstration to his students in the University of Copenhagen, Denmark in 1820. During a demonstration regarding the effect electric currents on heating- how electricity passing through a conductor produces heat, he connected a voltaic pile to a platinum wire and then observed- A compass needle lying nearby deflected. He confirmed after multiple repetitions, that this was indeed a result of something magnetic emanating from the electrical wire. 

He then went out to write a four-page Latin paper in July 1820 titled: 


Reporting this phenomenon to the rest of Europe, which then led to its news reaching a prodigious scientist back in France. This is our next man: The one who formalized Øersted's observations and founded another branch of science: Electrodynamics (also known, now, as Classical Electromagnetism), and also coined the term. This person is a French physicist and mathematician, who goes by the name: 

André Marie Ampere(1775 - 1836)

What he discovered was: Two current-carrying wires exert a force on each other- either attractive or repulsive- depending upon the direction of current. Two parallel wires: 

-> Same direction - They attract
-> Opposite direction- They repel

He then went ahead to quantify this: 
He first stated in his 1827 masterwork: Memoir Sur la theorie mathematique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'experience (french: Memoir on the mathematical theory of Electromagnetic phenomena Uniquely deduced from experiments): "The total action of the currents along a closed path is proportional to the algebraic sum of the electric currents enclosed by this path." He then went on to derive the force question and came up with a complex, scalar-based expression that depended on: 
-> The distance between the elements 
-> The angle between current directions 
-> The orientation of the current elements in 3D space

The is his original expression in French and its paraphrased mathematical forms: 


Although, this is different from the simpler and the more accurate version we use today which is gonna come later from Maxwell. He also proposed that: "All magnetic effects can be explained by electrical currents". His Force equation became the basis for the definition of the SI unit of electric current which was then named after him. 

 


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